X-ray absorption near-edge structures of LiMn₂O₄ and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ spinel oxides for lithium-ion batteries: the first-principles calculation study

Experimental Mn and Ni K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra were well reproduced for 5 V-class Li_xNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ spinels as well as 4 V-class Li_xMn₂O₄ spinels using density functional theory. Local environmental changes around the Mn or Ni centres due to differences in the locations of Li ions and/or phase transitions in the spinel oxides were found to be very important contributors to the XANES shapes, in addition to the valence states of the metal ions.