Synthesis of poly(stearyl methacrylate-b-3-phenylpropyl methacrylate) nanoparticles in n-octane and associated thermoreversible polymorphism

Abstract

Poly(stearyl methacrylate) (PSMA) homopolymers with average degrees of polymerization (_n) ranging from 18–30 have been prepared by homogeneous RAFT radical polymerization in toluene and subsequently employed as macro-chain transfer agents (CTAs) in non-polar RAFT dispersion formulations with 3-phenylpropyl methacrylate (PPMA) as the comonomer in n-octane at 70 °C. With PSMA₁₈ or PSMA₁₉ macro-CTAs in n-octane at 20 wt%, a series of PSMA_x–PPPMA_y block copolymers are readily accessible in situ that form the full range of common nanoparticle morphologies, with the complexity of the nano-objects increasing (spheres-to-worms-to-vesicles) with increasing _n of the PPPMA block as clearly evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An evaluation of the effect of total solids for the preparation of block copolymers of common composition indicated that polymerizations conducted at higher concentrations favoured the formation of nanoparticles with more complex morphologies. In the case of block copolymers prepared with a PSMA₃₀ macro-CTA the only accessible morphology was spheres regardless of compositional asymmetry. However, the size of the spheres increased monotonically with increasing PPPMA block length. Formulations that yielded (essentially) pure worm phases, such as PSMA₁₈-b-PPPMA₇₁, formed physical gels at ambient temperature. Heating the physical gels to (or beyond) a critical temperature resulted in a macroscopic transformation to a free flowing solution. The fundamental reason for the transformation, as evidenced by TEM, was a morphological transition from worm to sphere nanoparticles facilitated, in part, by a change in solvation of the PPPMA core-forming block with increasing temperature. DLS analysis indicated that the morphology transitions were fully reversible.