Development and characterization of a novel Swarna-based herbo-metallic colloidal nano-formulation – inhibitor of Streptococcus mutans quorum sensing

Abstract

Herbo-metallic preparations such as bhasmas (ash) are used traditionally in Indian and Chinese medicinal systems. In Ayurveda, Swarna (gold) nanoparticles are used as Swarna bhasma to treat several clinical manifestations. While Usnea longissima, a medicinal lichen, ethnobotanical is known for the treatment of tooth cleaning and infectious diseases. The study aims to develop a herbo-metallic colloidal nano-formulation containing Swarna nanoparticles and polyphenols rich U. longissima extract (ULE) and evaluate its anti-quorum sensing (QS) property against Streptococcus mutans, an idea that has never been explored before, with a view towards combating the emergence of antibiotic resistance often linked with QS-regulated virulence factors and biofilms. The synthesized Uh-Au@Nano-CF was confirmed by a peak at 550 nm in the UV-visible spectrum. The obtained XRD data confirmed the crystalline nature of nanoparticles of 28 nm size. TEM image revealed that all the particles were spherical with a narrow size range of 5–23 nm. The FTIR result clearly showed that the ULE containing secondary OH as functional groups induces encapsulation of nanoparticles. HPTLC and HPLC fingerprinting of ULE confirmed the presence of polyphenols, including orcinol, arabitol, apigenin, and usnic acid. The data from the inhibition of violacein production in C. violaceum 12 472 revealed that the Uh-Au@Nano-CF at sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) show potent anti-QS activity. The treatment of Uh-Au@Nano-CF was found to inhibit the secretion of S. mutans virulence factors, including acid production, ATPase, enolase, lactate dehydrogenase, protease, total exopolysaccharide content, and glucosidase. The Uh-Au@Nano-CF in a concentration dependent manner showed anti-biofilm activity, inhibiting biofilm formation. Eventually, it was also documented that the Uh-Au@Nano-CF at 15% dilution enhanced the susceptibility of S. mutans to its conventional antibiotics. This study introduces not only a novel antimicrobial herbo-metallic colloidal nano-formulation, but also explores its new biomedical application, which targets QS-regulated virulence factors and biofilm of S. mutans rather than its viability.