Covalent surface modification of chemically derived graphene and its application as supercapacitor electrode material

Abstract

A simple and effective method using 6-amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) for the synthesis of water dispersible graphene has been described. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy reveals that ANS-modified reduced graphene oxide (ANS-rGO) obeys Beers law at moderate concentrations. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies provide quantitative information regarding the removal of oxygen functional groups from graphene oxide (GO) and the appearance of new functionalities in ANS-rGO. The electrochemical performances of ANS-rGO have been determined by cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis. Charge–discharge experiments show that ANS-rGO is an outstanding supercapacitor electrode material due to its high specific capacitance (375 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 1.3 A g⁻¹) and very good electrochemical cyclic stability (∼97.5% retention in specific capacitance after 1000 charge–discharge cycles). ANS-rGO exhibits promising characteristics with a very high power density (1328 W kg⁻¹) and energy density (213 W h kg⁻¹).