Solvent effects on free-radical copolymerization of styrene and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate: a DFT study

Abstract

The free-radical homopolymerization and copolymerization kinetics of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in three different media (bulk, DMF, toluene) have been investigated by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations in combination with the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) and the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). The conventional Transition State Theory (TST) is applied to calculate the rate parameters of polymerization. Calculated propagation rate constants are used to predict the monomer reactivity ratios, which are then used in the evaluation of the copolymer composition following the Mayo–Lewis equation. It is found that copolymerization reactions in bulk and toluene show similar transition geometries; whereas, DMF has a tendency to form H-bonding interactions with the polar HEMA molecules, thus decreasing the reactivity of this monomer during homopolymerization and towards ST during copolymerization. Calculations of copolymer composition further show that the amount of HEMA monomer in the ST–HEMA copolymer system decreases in the polar DMF solution. The calculated spin densities of the radical species are in agreement with the rate parameters and confirm that the copolymerization propagation rate of the ST–HEMA system is in the order: k_p(bulk) ≈ k_p(toluene) > k_p(DMF).