Lithium oxides precipitation in nonaqueous Li–air batteries

Lithium–air/oxygen battery is a rising star in the field of electrochemical energy storage as a promising alternative to lithium ion batteries. Nevertheless, this alluring system is still at its infant stage, and the breakthrough of lithium–air batteries into the energy market is currently constrained by a combination of scientific and technical challenges. Targeting at the air electrode in nonaqueous lithium–air batteries, this review attempts to summarize the knowledge about the fundamentals related to lithium oxides precipitation, which has been one of the vital and attractive aspects of the research communities of science and technology.