Completing the puzzle of aurachin biosynthesis in Stigmatella aurantiacaSg a15

Abstract

The aurachins are a family of secondary metabolites, with the main members aurachin A, B, C, and D, produced by the myxobacteriumStigmatella aurantiacaSg a15. These isoprenoid quinoline alkaloids are classified as A-type or C-type aurachins according to the position of the farnesyl residue either at C4 or C3 of the quinoline core, respectively. Previous feeding studies revealed that the C-type aurachins are converted to A-type aurachins by late stage tailoring reactions. While the core gene cluster coding for the functionalities required for the biosynthesis of the basic structure aurachin D is known, neither of the genes encoding for the successively acting tailoring enzymes was known up to date, which was assumed to be due to a split cluster organisation. Here we describe the identification of a total of five genes, located upstream of the aurachin core cluster and at additional two loci elsewhere in the genome, encoding for the aforementioned functionalities. The generation and evaluation of respective inactivation mutants of S. aurantiacaSg a15 allowed for the first time to propose an exhaustive model for aurachin biosynthesis. One of the deduced biosynthetic transformations corresponds to a pinacol rearrangement, an unprecedented tailoring reaction in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.