Quantification of humic acids in surface water: effects of divalent cations, pH, and filtration

Abstract

Humic acids (HAs) content of raw water is an important analytical parameter in water treatment facilities because HAs in the presence of chlorine may lead to the formation of dangerous by-products (e.g., trihalomethanes). The concentration of HAs in water is not directly accessible by common analytical methods due to their heterogeneous chemical structure. The aim of this study was to compare two methods to assess humic acids (HAs) in surface water namely absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) and total organic carbon (TOC), as well as to evaluate the effects of calcium and magnesium concentrations, pH and sample filtration on the methods' results. An aqueous solution of a commercial HA with 10 mg L⁻¹ was used in the present work. Quantification of the HA was carried out by both UV₂₅₄ and TOC (combustion-infrared method) measurements. UV₂₅₄ results were converted to TOC using a calibration curve. The effects of calcium (0–136.3 mg L⁻¹) and magnesium (0–34.5 mg L⁻¹) concentrations, pH (4.0, 7.0 and 9.0) and sample filtration on UV₂₅₄ and TOC measurements of the HA suspension were evaluated. More accurate TOC values of HA suspensions were obtained by the combustion-infrared method than by the UV₂₅₄ absorbance method. The higher differences of TOC values between unfiltered and filtered samples were detected in the presence of calcium at pH 9.0 using the spectrophotometric method.