Bio-analytical and chemical characterisation of offshore produced water effluents for estrogen receptor (ER) agonists

Abstract

The in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) agonist potency and C₁ to C₉ alkyl substituted phenol content of offshore produced water effluents collected from the UK sector of the North Sea were determined using a combination of bio-analytical and chemical analysis techniques. An in vitro reporter gene assay was used to determine ER agonist potency, whilst gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to quantify the concentration of alkylphenols. The in vitro ER agonist potency was highly variable and ranged from less than the limit of detection (theoretically 0.03 ng 17β-estradiol (E2) l⁻¹) to 91 ng E2 l⁻¹. C₁ to C₅ alkylphenol concentrations were also highly variable ranging from 5 to 1600 μg l⁻¹ with a median concentration of 206 μg l⁻¹. These data reflect the highly variable composition of produced water discharges from different fields. The observed poor correlation of the alkylphenol isomer content and ER agonist activity suggests that other compounds present in the produced water discharges may be responsible for the ER agonist activity observed. It is recommended that further work be performed to characterise the full range of ER agonists present in offshore produced water discharges.