Transverse heated filter atomizer: atomic absorption determination of Pb and Cd in urine

Abstract

A transverse heated filter atomizer (THFA) was applied to the direct determination of Cd and Pb in urine, and its analytical performances were investigated using a PerkinElmer SIMAA 6000 atomic absorption spectrometer. Seronorm certified human urine reference materials and six realistic samples collected locally were used for the method validation. The urines were diluted ten- or five-fold with 0.2% HNO₃. Cd and Pb nitrate solutions were employed as standards. Recoveries of the elements from the urine samples were investigated with the analyte addition method. Compared to the transverse heated graphite atomizer (THGA) with a platform, the THFA provided a significant reduction of spectral background and chemical interferences from the urine matrix, without the use of chemical matrix modifiers, a 1.5–2 times increase of the determination sensitivity and, therefore, a reduction of limits of detection up to 0.018 and 0.2 µg L⁻¹ for Cd and Pb, respectively. The use of a THFA collector made from carbon fiber and a tungsten wire improved recoveries of lead and cadmium in urine (≥92%). A sampling temperature 150 °C enabled us to skip the drying period, thus a significantly reduced temperature program was obtained. The accuracies of the measurements of Cd and Pb in the Seronorm urine materials were in good agreement with the recommended values: 4.1 ± 0.1 µg L⁻¹ of Cd (recommended 5) and 92 ± 1 µg L⁻¹ of Pb (recommended 85). The lifetime of the THFA for Pb determination was longer than 700 firings, with the sensitivity loss not more than 25% after 500 firings.