Cadmium concentrations in human kidney in the UK: 1978-1993

Abstract

Almost 2700 samples of human renal cortex have been collected from throughout the UK over a 16 year period from 1978 to 1993.The mean Cd concentration was 19 µg g ^–1 and the median 16 µg g ^–1 . Smokers were, on average, about 5 µg g ^–1 higher than non-smokers. Cd increased from low concentration in the young to a maximum of 23 µg g ^–1 in middle age followed by a decrease in old age. Subjects who had died of renal disease had lower Cd concentrations. Geographical variations in the UK are small and the concentrations appear to be static over the 16 year period. Some 3.9% of the population had Cd concentrations >50 µg g ^–1 , the critical level at which β2-microglobulin appears in urine.