Determination of cadmium and lead in urine by electrothermal vaporization isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract

Electrothermal vaporization isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV–ID–ICP-MS) was applied to the determination of Cd and Pb in urine samples. The isotope ratios for each element in each analytical run were calculated from the peak areas of each isotope. A relatively low vaporization temperature was used, which separated the analyte from the major matrix components and improved the ion signals of Cd and Pb significantly. Various chemical modifiers were tested to obtain the best signal of Cd and Pb. After preliminary studies, 1% HNO₃ was added to the samples as the chemical modifier. The ETV–ID–ICP-MS method was applied to the determination of Cd and Pb in freeze-dried urine reference material NIST SRM 2670 and several fresh urine samples. The results for NIST SRM 2670 agreed satisfactorily with the certified values. The results for other samples obtained by isotope dilution and the method of standard additions agreed satisfactorily. The detection limits were 0.02 and 0.005 ng ml^–1 for Cd and Pb, respectively. The precision between sample replicates was better than 11% for all determinations.