X[mdash ]H[middot][middot][middot][pi ] (phenyl) interactions Theoretical and crystallographic observations

Abstract

X–H···π (phenyl) is the interaction of a hydrogen atom with the π-system of an aromatic ring in either an intermolecular or an intramolecular fashion. Although the existence of these types of interaction has gained recent attention in the literature, the geometry is poorly understood. This paper attempts to investigate the preferred geometry and interaction strength for O–H, N–H, N–H⁺, S–H, s C–H and s C–H interactions with phenyl rings. This has been done through searches of the Cambridge Structural Database, combined with semi-empirical and abinitio molecular orbital calculations. It is found that the classical image of T-shaped geometry is rarely adopted and that the preferred geometry involves direct interaction of X–H with the carbon atoms of the phenyl ring. The binding energy associated with the interaction decreases with the electronegativity of the donor atom X.