The application of X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, and NMR and UV–VIS spectroscopy has revealed that bis-p-phenylene-34-crown-10 1 forms strong 1 : 1 complexes with the 4,4′-bipyridinium dication 32+ and two of its derivatives, namely, the dications 42+ and 52+ in which the substituents on the bipyridine nitrogen atoms are, respectively, 2-hydroxyethyl and 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl groups.
P. R. Ashton, D. Philp, M. V. Reddington, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart and D. J. Williams, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 1680 DOI: 10.1039/C39910001680
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