The Hammett substituent constants for a number of substituents have been resolved into constant inductive (σI) and variable resonance (σR) contributions. Variations in σR have been interpreted in terms of changes in the demand for π electrons made on substituents and an empirical scale of ‘electron demand’ has been set up. The relationship has been tested using reactivity data, and its applications discussed.
D. A. R. Happer and G. J. Wright, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1979, 694 DOI: 10.1039/P29790000694
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