Consideration of the protonation equilibria and rates of quaternisation of substituted pyridines shows that dipolar electron withdrawing groups exert their influence by induction alone; this has an important bearing on the validity of the YT (Yukuwa–Tsuno) and DSP (Dual Substituent Parameter) equations in this system.
C. D. Johnson, I. Roberts and P. G. Taylor, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 897 DOI: 10.1039/C39770000897
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