Layer-by-layer processed efficient semi-transparent organic solar cells enabled by a trace-doped acceptor layer strategy

Abstract

Semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) exhibit great potential in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and wearable electronics, yet the performance is fundamentally limited by the efficiency–transparency trade-off. An innovative trace-doped acceptor layer strategy was used for the fabrication of the ST-OSCs by sequentially processing PM6 donor and L8-BO acceptor layers. The doped layers demonstrate enhanced robustness against sequential solution processing and provide an optimized donor/acceptor (D/A) interface. The optimized devices achieve excellent comprehensive performance, including a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.19% with an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 23.08%, yielding an impressive light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 3.28%. Further incorporation of an MoO₃ optical coupling layer elevates the AVT to 27.65% and the LUE to 3.72% while maintaining a competitive PCE of 12.98%. The trace-doped acceptor layer strategy establishes a new paradigm for transparent photovoltaics that successfully reconciles the traditionally competing demands of high efficiency and transparency through precise morphology control while retaining solution -processability.