Encapsulated enzyme with metal–organic frameworks (enzyme@MOFs): unlocking potential in pharmaceutical and industrial applications

Abstract

Currently, enzyme-MOF (enzyme@MOF) systems, where enzymes are immobilized within MOF structures, have become important in pharmaceutical and industrial research due to their enhanced stability, reusability, and catalytic performance. This review explores the pharmaceutical and industrial applications of enzyme@MOFs, highlighting different synthesis methods, functionalization techniques, and the mechanisms behind enzyme immobilization. We systematically cover recent advances in enzyme@MOF for drug delivery systems (DDS), focusing on stimuli-responsive release triggered by pH, ions, glucose, and enzymes. Additionally, we examine the role of enzyme@MOF in biocatalysis, bioimaging, antimicrobial therapies, and cancer treatment. A specific focus is also given to industrial uses, such as dye degradation, wastewater treatment, and biodiesel production, discussing their commercial importance and related challenges. The review highlights limitations, including scalability, biocompatibility, and controlled-release mechanisms, while suggesting future directions for clinical translation and product development. By elucidating structure–function relationships in enzyme@MOFs and their pharmaceutical potential, this review seeks to guide the rational design of advanced enzyme@MOF platforms for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.