Advances in layered cathodes for nonaqueous aluminum-ion batteries: structure engineering and future prospects

Abstract

Rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical capacity, inherent safety, and cost-effectiveness. However, one of the key challenges in advancing AIB technology lies in developing high-performance cathode materials that can effectively counteract the strong polarization of Al³⁺ and simultaneously improve ion diffusion kinetics. Among various cathodes, layered materials have garnered considerable attention due to their unique structural advantages, excellent electrochemical properties, and facile synthesis processes. This review systematically analyzes and discusses the fundamental working mechanisms of non-aqueous AIBs. The state-of-the-art research progress for different types of cathodes with layered-structures is summarized and overviewed. Furthermore, effective strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of layered cathodes, including structural engineering, interlayer modulation, and defect optimization, are also highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of layered cathodes in AIBs are summarized, and future development perspectives are proposed to construct reliable electrode materials for AIBs. This review aims to offer critical insights and guidance for the rational design and development of high-performance layered materials for AIBs.