Sustainable approaches to polyvinyl alcohol: synthesis, degradation, recycling and upcycling

Abstract

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a common polymer widely used across multiple applications due to its remarkable properties, including high hydrophilicity, ease of film formation, and versatility in functionalization. As the global market for PVA continues to grow, concerns about its environmental impacts and long-term sustainability pertaining to its use have gained increasing attention. Significant research efforts have focused on developing more sustainable approaches for the synthesis, degradation, recycling, and upcycling of PVA, which are aimed at achieving greater circularity and minimising its adverse impacts on the environment. However, despite these advancements, a commercially viable, sustainable life cycle for PVA, encompassing its synthesis, degradation, and recycling/upcycling, remains elusive. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research and technology related to the sustainable production, use, and post-treatment of PVA, evaluating key advancements and identifying areas that require further development.