Leveraging DNA-based biomaterials for advanced cancer immunotherapy

Abstract

DNA-based biomaterials have emerged as powerful platforms for advancing cancer immunotherapy, leveraging their unique programmability, structural precision, and biocompatibility. By enabling rational design at the molecular level, DNA-based biomaterials, including tetrahedra, origami structures, nanorobots, hydrogels, and hybrid nanoparticles, facilitate targeted delivery, immune modulation, and the controlled activation of therapeutic agents. These DNA-engineered biomaterials enhance antigen presentation, regulate immune microenvironments, and alleviate tumor-induced immunosuppression, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy and safety. We summarize the design principles and applications of DNA-based biomaterials in immune regulation, vaccine development, and combination therapy. Moreover, in contrast to prior reviews, we provide a unique synthesis that emphasizes how the programmable spatial organization and physicomechanical properties of DNA architectures can be harnessed to directly engineer immune cell signaling and fate, a key insight for designing next-generation immunotherapies. In addition, we critically discuss the translational challenges, including manufacturing scalability, long-term stability, immune-related safety, and regulatory pathways, that must be addressed to bridge the gap between innovative design and clinical implementation. Finally, we outline future perspectives and strategic directions aimed at advancing these intelligent biomaterials toward safer and more effective cancer immunotherapy.