Controllable and tunable conductive polymer/MXene hybrid composites for biosensor applications: recent advances, properties, and future directions

Abstract

This review introduces the hybrid composites of conductive polymers and MXene, with a focus on their applications in non-invasive biosensors and wearable biomedical devices. We have outlined the preparation methods for polymer/MXene composites used in biosensing, and highlighted key enabling technologies, and their merits, challenges, and future perspectives. The hybridization of conductive polymers with MXene enables biomedical integration, where a nanosheet-based platform offers cost-effectiveness, scalability, and customization. The persistent challenges include biomarker instability, contamination/infection risks, and long-term wear effects in non-invasive sweat- or urine-based sensing. To address limitations such as miniaturization, signal drift, and deformation, we focused on tailoring MXene precursors to minimize biointerface issues and develop polymerization/hybridization alternatives.