Dynamics of household adaptive capacity and water insecurity in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Abstract

Rapid decline in groundwater resources is widespread globally and has accelerated in recent years impacting the water security of groundwater dependent communities. Understanding resilience to groundwater insecurity through the lens of adaptive capacity comprising capitals such as enabling environments and behavioural drivers offers insights into strengthening water security. This study investigates factors influencing the development and mobilisation of adaptive capital in Vietnam's Mekong Delta. Using a mixed methods approach, we analysed survey data from groundwater users (n = 404), two sets of in-depth interviews with groundwater users (n = 15) and (n = 20), interviews with water governance actors (n = 2) and a focus group discussion with five heads of household to examine adaptation strategies. Key findings include: (1) high awareness of water resource changes but low perceived impact; (2) widespread but wealth-stratified adaptive capitals such as social safety nets and multiple water sources; (3) strong financial, technical, and institutional enabling environments; (4) behavioural barriers including low risk perception, reliance on government support, and competing priorities impeding adaptation; and (5) dependence on groundwater within diversified water portfolios creating a false sense of security. These findings highlight the importance of risk perception and acceptance in mobilising adaptive capital for water security.