A critical review on indium zirconium oxide-based catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol

Abstract

The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methanol is a crucial step toward the efficient utilization of CO₂, as it helps alleviating environmental problems and provides a source of clean energy. This review first describes the thermodynamic limitations and reaction mechanisms of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. Based on these basics, the research progress on indium zirconium oxide-based catalysts in recent years is reviewed. The characteristics and catalytic capabilities of these catalysts are summarized to understand the structure–activity relationships. Some recent modification techniques to improve methanol synthesis performance are also presented. Lastly, recommendations are made for future studies to increase the catalytic activity of indium zirconium oxide catalysts for methanol synthesis.