A 0D/3D nanoreactor integrating quantum dots and ZIF-67 for efficient urea electrosynthesis with substrate enrichment and coupling

Abstract

We constructed a nanoreactor by integrating Cu_2−xS/MoS₂ quantum dots into ZIF-67 for urea electrosynthesis. Efficient substrate enrichment increases the generation and coupling probability of key intermediates, leading to a urea yield of 600 µg h⁻¹ mg_cat⁻¹ at −0.7 V vs. RHE. This 0D/3D nanoreactor strategy highlights the critical role of microenvironment modulation in complex multi-step electrocatalytic C–N coupling.