An ultralow-loaded molybdate catalyst on defect-engineered g-C3N4 for efficient electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia

Abstract

Mo/g-C₃N₄ catalyst with nitrogen vacancies enables highly dispersed Mo nanoclusters via strong metal–support interactions. Defect engineering enhances nitrate-to-ammonia selectivity, activity, and stability while suppressing hydrogen evolution. In situ studies confirm stepwise NO₃⁻ reduction at isolated Mo sites for efficient electrochemical ammonia synthesis.