Hierarchical dual-protection design in anti-chloride GO/Co3O4/CoxTi4O9/TF for enhanced seawater oxidation electrocatalysis

Abstract

To overcome the stability challenges in seawater oxidation electrocatalysis, a hierarchical electrode was designed with Co₃O₄-loaded Co_xTi₄O₉ nanowire networks on Ti foam, shielded by graphene oxide. This dual-protection structure integrates physical blocking, OH⁻ enrichment, Cl⁻ electrostatic repulsion, and rapid mass transfer, achieving a low overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² with outstanding durability in seawater.