Enhancing the energy density and stability of vanadium-based redox flow batteries via a dual active species strategy

Abstract

By introducing cerium into the positive electrolyte of vanadium flow batteries, a novel V/V–Ce redox flow battery with high energy density and excellent stability is developed. During an extended cycling process at 200 mA cm⁻², the V/V–Ce redox flow battery reached an average energy efficiency value of 65.4%, surpassing that of a conventional all-vanadium flow battery.