The heat treatment mechanism in regulating the self-discharge behavior of Li/CFx primary batteries

Abstract

Fluorinated hard carbon (FHC) is a promising cathode for primary Li/CF_x batteries, but its annual self-discharge rate (>2%) exceeds that of commercial fluorinated graphite batteries (⩽1%). To address this challenge, we anneal FHC at 250–350 °C. The pouch cell modified at 300 °C exhibits the lowest self-discharge rate and a capacity retention improvement of 5.9%, demonstrating its application potential.