CO2 utilization in energy storage and conversion

Abstract

The world is facing the pressing dual challenge of an escalating energy crisis and the excessive accumulation of greenhouse gases. Current researchers are now reimagining carbon dioxide (CO₂) not simply as a waste to be captured, but as a valuable energy carrier to be utilized in next-generation energy systems. However, a comprehensive understanding of how CO₂ participates in energy conversion and storage remains limited. This review addresses this critical knowledge gap by systematically examining four innovative types of CO₂-based energy technologies. These include metal-CO₂ batteries and CO₂ capture-integrated storage systems that leverage the electrochemical activity of CO₂ for efficient and sustainable energy storage, as well as molten carbonate fuel cells and CO₂-based electricity generators that generate electricity energy in innovative approaches. These emerging systems leverage the physicochemical properties of CO₂ to create transformative energy solutions. This review highlights the pivotal role of CO₂, examines critical challenges, and proposes forward-looking strategies for future energy development.