From gut to green energy: the essential role of anaerobic fungi in sustainable biofuel production

Abstract

Anaerobic fungi, primarily found in the digestive tracts of herbivores, possess remarkable capabilities to degrade lignocellulosic biomass, positioning them as pivotal contributors to sustainable biofuel production. This review explores the enzymatic arsenal of these fungi, which includes cellulases, hemicellulases, and cellulosomes comprising glycoside hydrolases (GHs), carbohydrate esterases (CEs), polysaccharide lyases (PLs), and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), emphasizing their superior efficiency in breaking down recalcitrant plant materials compared to other microorganisms. We highlight their potential in bioenergy applications, such as enhancing biomethane production through synergistic interactions with methanogens. Furthermore, the review underscores the unique characteristics of anaerobic fungi, including hydrogenosome-driven metabolism, their adaptation to diverse anaerobic environments, and their role in reducing the environmental impact of biofuel production. While challenges in cultivation, genetic engineering, and large-scale application persist, advancing research into these microorganisms could unlock innovative solutions for lignocellulosic biomass utilization, paving the way for a greener energy future. This review sheds light on their untapped biotechnological potential and offers a roadmap for addressing existing barriers to their application.