Recent advancements in the electrocatalytic conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran

Abstract

The electrochemical reduction of furfural to 2-methylfuran (MF) offers a green and efficient route for producing high-value biofuels and chemicals from biomass. This review critically examines the recent progress in the catalyst development, mechanistic understanding, and interface engineering strategies that enhance the selectivity for MF while mitigating side reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Key factors including electrode materials, electrolyte pH, applied potential, and adsorption configuration are explored in detail. Although advances in operando characterization and theoretical modeling have begun to reveal the active sites and reaction pathways, challenges persist in achieving high selectivity and scalability. We identify the current limitations, such as the competing reactions, unclear active sites, and limited electrode diversity, and propose targeted solutions including dynamic interface tuning, molecular modifiers, and rational catalyst design. This review highlights the potential of electrocatalytic conversion of furfural to MF as a sustainable platform for future green chemical manufacturing.