Radiofrequency-triggered release of therapeutics from graphene oxide-loaded polysaccharide based core–shell microspheres

Abstract

Triggered drug delivery systems have revolutionized the administration of therapeutics by enabling precise and controlled release. Herein, we present radiofrequency (RF)-responsive core–shell microsphere systems composed of acetalated dextran (Ac-D) and carboxymethyl nanocellulose (CMC) integrated with nanoscale graphene oxide (GO) and encapsulating curcumin as a model drug. These hybrid systems leverage the RF-absorbing properties of carbon-based nanomaterials, specifically GO, which acts as a nanoscale thermal transducer within the microscale carriers. Upon exposure to a reduced RF input (1–7 watts), 1–200 MHz, localized heating induced by embedded GO facilitated the release of the encapsulated drug. Drug release kinetics revealed over 98% curcumin release within 60 minutes under RF stimulation with minimal passive release in its absence, confirming the structural stability of the microspheres under physiological conditions. The RF-triggered release mechanism was further supported by swelling behavior (∼60–70%) and surface charge differences in GO-loaded particles, indicating enhanced water penetration and matrix disruption. These findings establish the nanoscale integration of GO as a key enabler for non-invasive, RF-triggered drug delivery, offering spatiotemporal control. This system holds promises for future biomedical applications, particularly for topical and localized therapy, and warrants further investigation through in vivo studies.