Natural product-derived compounds in clinical trials and drug approvals

Abstract

Covering: January 2014–June 2025. Previous review: Natural Product Reports, 2014, 31, 1612

Natural products (NPs) have long been foundational in medicine, from ancient herbal remedies to the discovery of transformative drugs like morphine and quinine. The mid-20th century marked a ‘golden age’ for antibiotic discovery from natural sources, which then expanded into other therapeutic areas. However, by the late 20th century, other technological advances had shifted NPs from being a central component of the discovery process to one of several options. This review explores the current role of NPs in pharmaceuticals by analysing NP-derived (NP-D) drugs approved since 2014 and clinical candidates in development as of the end of 2024. 58 NP-related drugs launched between January 2014 and June 2025 were identified, which included 45 NP and NP-D new chemical entities (NCEs) and 13 NP-antibody drug conjugates (NP-ADCs). Next, all 579 drugs—388 (67%) of which were NCEs and 191 (33%) were new biological entities (NBEs)—approved globally from 2014 to 2024 were analysed. In total, 56 (9.7%) of these 579 drugs were classified as NPs or NP-Ds using this review's NP definition: 44 NCEs (7.6% overall; 11.3% of NCEs) and 12 NP-ADCs (2.1% overall; 6.3% of NBEs). The number of new NP-D NCEs and NP-ADCs has fluctuated between 0 and 8 annually since 2014, with an average of five approvals per year. Next, 125 NP and NP-D compounds were identified that were undergoing clinical trials or in the registration phase at the end of December 2024. Thirty-three new pharmacophores not previously found in approved drugs are now in development; however, only one has been discovered in the past 15 years. This review highlights the enduring promise of NPs, despite their diminished role in drug discovery, and advocates for renewed emphasis on bioassay-guided isolation and mode of action studies to identify new drug leads.