Improvement of optical confinement for high performance perovskite vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with the localized surface plasmon resonance effect

Abstract

Organic–inorganic perovskite materials have garnered widespread academic attention owing to their remarkable optical characteristics. Nonetheless, it is imperative to minimize the laser threshold and non-radiative recombination losses for developing perovskite lasers with superior performance. In this work, an innovative perovskite vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) has been developed by integrating gold nanorods (Au NRs) into the resonant cavity to manipulate the light field energy distribution and optical confinement factor, significantly reducing the threshold of perovskite lasers through the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. The incorporation of Au NRs induces an efficient exciton–plasmon coupling effect, which can enhance the absorption and photoluminescence quantum yield while effectively facilitating the radiative recombination of carriers and population inversion, thereby facilitating a high optical gain essential for laser oscillation. Consequently, the Au NR-embedded perovskite VCSEL demonstrates an impressive threshold of 0.99 μJ cm⁻² and a line width of 0.89 nm, outperforming the reference device with a threshold of 4.12 μJ cm⁻² and a line width of 2.0 nm. Furthermore, the incorporation of Au NRs into the perovskite VCSEL can improve the stability of the laser output due to the strengthened exciton–photon coupling and the diminished intracavity losses. This study provides an effective strategy for constructing perovskite VCSELs with low thresholds and excellent stability.