In situ formed hydrogels for soft bioelectronics

Abstract

Soft bioelectronics have attracted increasing attention owing to their promising applications in electronic skin, wearable devices, and biomedical electronics. Hydrogels are particularly promising as bioelectronic interface materials due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties that closely resemble those of biological tissues. However, conventional preformed hydrogels often struggle to maintain stable adhesion, particularly in areas with dense hair, which can hinder reliable bioelectrical signal collection. In contrast, in situ formed hydrogels, characterized by sol–gel transitions, can dynamically conform to biological surfaces, thereby enhancing both contact and signal acquisition. This review provides a systematic examination of recent advances in in situ formed hydrogels for soft bioelectronics, focusing on the underlying mechanisms of hydrogel formation, key application methods, functions, and emerging applications within soft bioelectronic systems. Additionally, future perspectives are discussed, highlighting the transformative potential of in situ hydrogels to drive innovation and enhance performance in the field.