Open Access Article
This Open Access Article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 Unported LicenceImmobilization of pyrene-tagged metal complexes onto solid supports by π-stacking interactions: Syntheses and applications
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Elham Sanaei and Gholamhossein Mohammadnezhad
First published on 26th September 2025
Abstract
This review explores developments of metal complexes, based on their metal center, immobilized non-covalently onto diverse supports through functional anchors known as pyrene fragments. Additionally, it covers novel synthesis strategies and represents various practical applications, such as biosensors and biofuels, and generally in industrial applications. Since pyrene fragments play a key role in the structure of these metal complexes, their significant effects on functionality are highlighted. Not only the number of pyrene fragments but also numerous supports, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNT), edge-plane graphite (EPG), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), pyrene-modified gold (Au), and indium tin oxide (ITO), can have a significant influence due to their extraordinary properties. Furthermore, it indicates how a non-covalent approach between the pyrene fragment and the solid support can provide an enhanced catalyst through π-stacking interactions compared to their homogeneous counterparts. In order to reduce leaching, maintain activity and selectivity, and improve recyclability, both homogeneous and heterogeneous properties are combined together in this approach.