Prussian blue analogues for high-performance sodium ion battery cathodes: recent advances and challenges

Abstract

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have gained considerable attention as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their three-dimensional open framework structure, cost-effectiveness, and high theoretical capacity. Currently, fundamental research on and commercial exploration of PBAs in SIBs are making robust progress. This review summarizes recent advances and mainly highlights five key developments: (1) innovative synthesis methods, (2) compositional engineering, (3) advanced structural designs, (4) post-treatment and remediation techniques and (5) scalable synthesis. Finally, we present a forward-looking perspective on future research directions, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary approaches combining advanced characterization techniques and systematic engineering optimization to facilitate their commercialization for energy storage systems.