Image-guided embolization using Ta@Ca-Alg microspheres with optimized mechanical performance

Abstract

Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is a minimally invasive technique used to treat hypervascular tumors, hemorrhage, and vascular abnormalities. Though microspheres (MSs) have achieved widespread clinical use as embolic agents, they often lack imaging opacity, optimal morphology and mechanical properties which can lead to unpredictable trajectories, non-target delivery, and suboptimal embolization. This study developed tantalum-loaded calcium alginate (Ta@Ca-Alg) MSs with intrinsic radiopacity, tunable density, and mechanical properties. Ta@Ca-Alg MSs were synthesized using a gas-shearing method and analyzed for size, morphology, swelling behavior, density, radiopacity, and optimized mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that Ta@Ca-Alg MSs maintained a narrow size distribution, with increasing Ta concentration enhancing radiopacity to levels comparable with the clinical contrast agent OMNIPAQUE 350. Density and Young's modulus corresponding to different Ta concentrations were also investigated. Phantom model testing validated effective vessel occlusion and controlled penetration. In vitro hemocompatibility, sterility, and cytotoxicity studies confirmed excellent biocompatibility. These findings suggest that Ta@Ca-Alg MSs are a promising radiopaque embolic agent with optimized radiopacity, density, and mechanical properties, offering excellent potential for TAE procedures.