Recent advances of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes for hydrogen peroxide

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a critical product of oxygen metabolism, serves as a key signaling molecule in diverse biological processes, including immune responses and cellular signal transduction. However, the direct detection of H₂O₂ remains challenging due to its short half-life and the ubiquitous presence of antioxidants in biological systems. Consequently, subcellular visualization and detection of H₂O₂ within specific organelles are essential for elucidating its roles in pathological and physiological mechanisms, advancing therapeutic strategies for related diseases. This review aims to summarize recent advances (2019–2024) in small-molecule fluorescent probes designed for organelle-targeted H₂O₂ detection via fluorescence imaging. We systematically discuss the molecular design strategies, structural frameworks, photophysical properties, and biological applications of these probes. By highlighting current trends and challenges, this work seeks to offer insights and guidance for the future development of organelle-specific fluorescent probes, fostering their broader application in biomedical research and diagnostics.