Exploring the potential of 3D-printed solvent activated electrodes for salicylic acid analysis

Abstract

This study evaluates the electrochemical properties of tetrahydrofuran (THF)-activated 3D-printed polylactic acid-carbon black (PLA-CB) electrodes. The electrodes were characterized using SEM, ATR-FTIR, contact angle measurements, and optical profilometry to assess the effects of THF activation on their surface and chemical properties. A range of redox probes were used to investigate both, outer- and inner-sphere electron transfer processes, providing a comprehensive understanding of the electrode's electrochemical behavior. The activated electrodes were further tested for their ability to determine salicylic acid (SA) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Calibration curves were constructed, and preliminary analyses of SA in cosmetic products, including a face serum and a cream, were performed. Obtained data are critically assessed.