Unlocking the key mechanism behind field-induced ferroelectric phase transition in sodium niobate for energy storage systems

Abstract

The intricate phase transition dynamics of NaNbO₃ under the influence of an electric field has been explored, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms responsible for the irreversible transition from the antiferroelectric (AFE) to ferroelectric (FE) phases. Through a rigorous exploration of crystal structures, polarization–electric field hysteresis loops, and the application of the Landau–Devonshire theory, we have elucidated the pivotal role of the electric field in modulating the potential energy landscape of this oxide material. Our findings highlight that as the electric field strength surpasses a critical threshold, the newly identified FE state (P′) becomes energetically favored, leading to an irreversible transformation from the AFE phase. Crucially, this irreversible nature is attributed to the persistence of a non-negligible energy barrier even after the electric field is removed – providing compelling evidence for the field-induced phase transition. This work not only advances our fundamental understanding of AFE–FE transitions in complex oxides but also has practical implications in the design and engineering of advanced materials for electronic and electromechanical applications, promising breakthroughs in various fields of science and technology.