Multi-MXene assisted large-scale manufacturing of electrochemical biosensors based on enzyme-nanoflower enhanced electrodes for the detection of H2O2 secreted from live cancer cells

Abstract

In situ monitoring of H₂O₂ in cellular microenvironments plays a critical role in the early diagnosis and pretreatment of cancer, but is limited by the lack of efficient and low-cost strategies for the large-scale preparation of real-time biosensors. Herein, a universal strategy for MXene-based composite inks combined with a scalable screen-printing process is validated in large-scale manufacturing of electrochemical biosensors for in situ detection of H₂O₂ secreted from live cells. Compositing biocompatible carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCS) with excellent conductive MXene, a water-based ink electrode (MXene/CMCS) with tunable viscosity is efficiently printed with desirable printing accuracy. Subsequently, the MXene/CMCS@HRP electrochemical biosensor exhibits stable electrochemical performance through HRP nanoflower modification, showing rapid electron transport and high electrocatalytic capacity, and demonstrating a low limit of detection (0.29 μM) with a wide linear detection range (0.5 μM–3 mM), superior sensitivity (56.45 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²), long-term stability and high anti-interference ability. Moreover, this electrochemical biosensor is effectively employed for in situ detection of H₂O₂ secreted from HeLa cells, revealing good biocompatibility and outstanding biosensing capability. This proposed strategy not only extends the possibility of low-cost biomedical devices, but also provides a promising approach for early diagnosis and treatment of cancer.