Solar to hydrogen efficiency of 28.2% under natural sunlight achieved by a combination of five-junction concentrator photovoltaic modules and electrolysis cells

Abstract

This work demonstrates a record high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of 28.2% achieved by a combination of a five-junction (5J) photovoltaic module and electrolysis cells. The elemental analysis revealed that the efficiency improvement of the photovoltaic module was the essential factor for the new high STH efficiency.