Large area CVD-grown vertically and horizontally oriented MoS2 nanostructures as SERS biosensors for single molecule detection

Abstract

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has attracted extensive attention for its rapid, ultra-sensitive, non-destructive and label-free fingerprint detection of trace molecules. Recently, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have been investigated as SERS substrates owing to their low cost, simple synthesis, excellent optical behavior, tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility and good biocompatibility. Here, we have synthesized 2H-MoS₂ nanostructures of different morphologies (vertically and horizontally oriented) via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method on different substrates (FTO-coated glass, Si and SiO₂-Si) and utilized them as SERS substrates for the detection of bilirubin and vitamin B₁₂ biomolecules. The strong vibronic coupling within the charge transfer (CT) process leads to photo-induced charge transfer (PICT) resonance, showing enhanced SERS activity. This CT mechanism is further confirmed by observing quenching of the room temperature PL spectra and enhanced SERS signals of biomolecules over SERS substrates. To the best of our knowledge, the detection limit in this work (10⁻¹¹ M for bilirubin and 10⁻⁸ M for vitamin B₁₂) is considerably higher than previously reported values. The improved efficiency of the PICT process can be achieved at low temperature, and this is confirmed when performing low temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) studies on SERS substrates. Furthermore, we also demonstrated enhanced SERS activity at low temperature on CVD-grown pristine MoS₂ films over different substrates for biomolecule detection for the first time, attributing this activity to the enhanced PICT process at low temperature.