Understanding the excited state dynamics and redox behavior of highly luminescent and electrochemically active Eu(iii)–DES complex

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are considered a novel class of environmentally benign molecular solvents that are considered as potential solvents for nuclear fuel reprocessing, material recycling, and many other technological applications in both research and industry. However, there is a complete dearth of understanding pertaining to the behavior of metal ions in DES. Herein, we have investigated the speciation, complexation behavior, photochemistry, and redox properties and tried to obtain insight into the chemical aspects of the europium ion in DES (synthesized from heptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and decanoic acid). The same has been probed using time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), cyclic voltammetry (CV), synchrotron-based extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. TRPL indicated the stabilization of europium in the +3 oxidation state, favoring the potential of the Eu(III)–DES complex to emit red light under near UV excitation and the existence of inefficient energy transfer between DES and Eu³⁺. EXAFS analysis revealed the presence of Eu–O and Eu–Br, which represent the local surroundings of Eu³⁺ in the Eu(III)–DES complex. TRPL measurement has also suggested two distinct local environments of europium ions in the complex. DFT calculations supported the EXAFS findings, confirming that the Eu(III)–DES structure involves not only the oxygen atom of decanoic acid but also the oxygen atoms from the nitrate ions, contributing to the local coordination of Eu(III). Electrochemical studies demonstrated that the redox reaction of Eu(III)/Eu(II) in DES displays quasi-reversible behavior. The reaction rate was observed to increase with higher temperatures. The findings of this study can contribute to the understanding of the fundamental properties and potential applications of this luminescent and electrochemically active complex and pave the way for further studies and the development of novel materials with enhanced luminescent and electrochemical properties.