Selectively attacking tumor cells of Ru/Ir–arene complexes based on meclofenamic acid via cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors and often accompanied by inflammatory processes. Inflammation is an essential component of the tumor microenvironment, which might influence tumor proliferation and metastasis. Herein, three metal–arene complexes MA-bip-Ru, MA-bpy-Ir, and MA-bpy-Ru were prepared by tethering the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meclofenamic acid (MA). Among them, MA-bip-Ru and MA-bpy-Ir showed lower cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, but MA-bpy-Ru showed significantly high selectivity and cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 cells through the autophagic pathway and exhibited no toxicity against normal HLF cells, showing potential for selective treatment of tumor cells. MA-bpy-Ru could also effectively destroy the 3D multicellular tumor spheroids, demonstrating its potential for clinical application. Besides, MA-bip-Ru, MA-bpy-Ir, and MA-bpy-Ru exhibited anti-inflammatory properties superior to MA, notably downregulating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inhibiting the secretion of prostaglandin E2 in vitro. These findings demonstrated that MA-bpy-Ru was capable of intervening in inflammatory processes and showed the potential of MA-bpy-Ru to act as a selective anticancer agent, thus presenting a new mechanism of action for metal–arene complexes.