Rhodium^III-catalyzed remote difunctionalization of arenes assisted by a relay directing group

Abstract

Rhodium-catalyzed diverse tandem twofold C–H bond activation reactions of para-olefin-tethered arenes have been realized, with unsaturated reagents such as internal alkynes, dioxazolones, and isocyanates being the coupling partner as well as a relay directing group which triggers cyclization of the para-olefin group under oxidative or redox-neutral conditions. The reaction proceeded via initial ortho-C–H activation assisted by a built-in directing group in the arene, and the ortho-incorporation of the unsaturated coupling partner simultaneously generated a relay directing group that allows sequential C–H activation at the meta-position and subsequent cyclization of the para-olefins. The overall reaction represents C–C or N–C difunctionalization of the arene with the generation of diverse 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran platforms. The catalytic system proceeded with good efficiency, simple reaction conditions, and broad substrate scope. The diverse transformations of the products demonstrated the synthetic utility of this tandem reaction.

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Introduction

Over the last few decades, transition metal catalyzed C–H bond functionalization has been established as a highly effective, step-economy, and easy-to-operate strategy in modern organic chemistry for the construction of various value-added compounds from structurally simple chemicals.^1,2 So far, heteroatom-containing chelator moieties have proved competent to this strategy, with ortho-C–H functionalization being the most dominant scenario (Scheme 1a).¹ In contrast, the activation of meta-C–H bonds is commonly overruled by proximity-driven ortho-selectivity.³ In 2012, a brilliant solution to this selectivity was introduced by the Yu³ group (Scheme 1b), achieving meta-selective functionalization via the use of a nitrile-containing template as a directing group. This strategy has been subsequently extended to other directing templates and metal catalysts by the groups of Tan, Maiti, Yu and Li.⁴ In these systems, the linear nitrile-based template preferentially activates the meta-C–H bond, and the weak coordinating nature of the directing template also assists the formation of a macrocyclic organometallic intermediate. Another elegant solution to this selectivity is to use a transient directing group strategy (Scheme 1c), which involves the initial ortho-C–H activation, and subsequently second C–H activation occurs at the meta-C–H bond. In 2015, by using NBE as a transient mediator, the Yu⁵ group gloriously realized meta-selective alkylation of phenyl acetamide and it was subsequently extended to diverse classes of substrates by the groups of Yu, Dong, Ferreira, Zhou, Zhao and Shi (Scheme 1c).⁶ In these systems the transient directing group NBE is not incorporated into the final products. Notably, a number of approaches are available for selective sequential ortho- and meta-dual C–H functionalization of arenes (Scheme 1d). In 2008, Miura and coworkers developed a Rh(III)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] aromatic homologation reaction between arenes and alkynes via chelation-assisted dual C–H activation, where the alkyne insertion-derived alkenyl intermediate directs the 2^nd C–H activation toward the meta-position.⁷ In 2013, our group reported the [3 + 2] oxidative annulation of arenes with azabicyclic olefins, where this bicyclic olefin behaved similarly to NBE but it was incorporated into the final product, leading to 1,2-carboamination of the arenes.⁸ In 2017, dioxazolone was successfully used for multiple amidation of a amide through ruthenium catalysis by the group of Chang.⁹ The discovery of dual C–H functionalization has opened a new avenue for the construction of various polycyclic scaffolds.^10–12 To the best of our knowledge, this attractive strategy is limited to C–H activation-coupling with multiple incorporation of a single unsaturated reagent. In contrast, applications of this strategy to the arenes bearing a tethered coupling reagent at the para-position of the directing group via the metal-catalyzed relay directing group strategy remain unexplored (Scheme 1e). This attractive strategy will allow the realization of molecular complexity via arene difunctionalization with simultaneous incorporation of different functional groups.

Scheme 1 Metal-catalyzed selective C–H activation strategies.

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran skeletons present a commonly encountered building block of many natural pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds.¹³ Nevertheless, the development of a new avenue for the construction of this structural motif remains highly challenging.¹⁴ Recently, the intramolecular cyclization of arenes with alkene units tethered at the ortho-position has been well-established for the construction of dihydrobenzofurans by transition metal catalysis (Scheme 2a).¹⁵ Later, the tethered olefin-containing arenes were extended to meta-substituted by Yao and coworkers.¹⁶ The same strategy was extended to alkyne-tethered arenes by the groups of Luan and García-López.¹⁷ Intriguingly, analogous intramolecular annulations have been realized by using meta-olefin-tethered arenes via chelation-assisted C–H activation (Scheme 2b).¹⁸ However, this reaction system is limited to the arenes with an olefin unit tethered at the meta- or ortho-position. Herein, we report Rh^III-catalyzed C–H activation, insertion of an unsaturated coupling partner (relay directing group), second C–H activation, and intramolecular alkene insertion cascade, leading to efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran compounds with a quaternary carbon center (Scheme 2c).

Scheme 2 Metal-catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran.

Results and discussion

2-(4-((2-Methylallyl)oxy)phenyl)pyridine (1a) was designed as a model substrate for coupling with diphenylacetylene (2a) to achieve our proof-of-concept studies under oxidative conditions. As shown in Table 1, the desired carboannulation product 3 was obtained with moderate to good yields in various solvents (entries 1–6), where t-AmOH proved to be the optimal solvent. Decreased yields of product 3 was detected when replacing the AgOAc oxidant with other Ag(I) salts such as AgF, Ag₂CO₃, and Ag₂O (entries 7–9). Commonly used acid and base additives such as Zn(OAc)₂, CsOAc, CsOPiv, NaOAc, and HOAc were also screened (entries 10–14). Among them, CsOPiv provided the best result (entry 12, 76%). In addition, under a nitrogen atmosphere, this carboannulation reaction also proceed to give the product in 75% yield (entry 15). The introduction of the AgSbF₆ additive (20 mol%) turned out to be detrimental to the reaction efficiency (entry 16 vs. 12).

Table 1 Optimization studies^a

Entry	Additive	Oxidant	Solvent	Yield^b (%)
a Reaction conditions: 1a (0.05 mmol), 2a (0.065 mmol), [RhCp*Cl2]2 (5 mol%), additive (0.5 equiv.), oxidant (2.3 equiv.), and solvent (1.0 mL), at 120 °C under air for 12 h. b Isolated yield. c Not detected. d Under N2. e AgSbF6 (20 mol%) was used.
1	PivOH	AgOAc	THF	48
2	PivOH	AgOAc	1,4-Dioxane	26
3	PivOH	AgOAc	DCE	Trace
4	PivOH	AgOAc	MeOH	ND^c
5	PivOH	AgOAc	PhMe	41
6	PivOH	AgOAc	t-AmOH	68
7	PivOH	AgF	t-AmOH	40
8	PivOH	Ag2CO3	t-AmOH	30
9	PivOH	Ag2O	t-AmOH	15
10	Zn(OAc)2	AgOAc	t-AmOH	35
11	CsOAc	AgOAc	t-AmOH	69
12	CsOPiv	AgOAc	t-AmOH	76
13	NaOAc	AgOAc	t-AmOH	70
14	HOAc	AgOAc	t-AmOH	65
15^d	PivOH	AgOAc	t-AmOH	75
16^e	PivOH	AgOAc	t-AmOH	40

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With the optimized reaction conditions in hand (Table 1, entry 12), we then explored the scope and limitation of alkynes (Scheme 3). The reaction occurred smoothly for symmetrical diarylalkynes to afford the expected products 3–9 in good yields (63–82%). The introduction of alkyl, methoxy, and halogen substituents into the para-position of the phenyl ring exerted little effect on the reaction efficiency. The presence of 4-CF₃ and 4-CO₂Et at the para-position were also tolerated (10 and 11). In contrast, 4-CN substituted symmetrical diarylalkyne (2j) only reacted with low efficiency (12) possibly due to the coordinating effect. Comparable efficiency was realized for various substitutions at the meta-position of the aryl ring (13–18). In addition, when disubstituted (2q) and 2-naphthyl-substituted alkynes (2r) were employed, the corresponding carboannulation products 19 and 20 were also obtained with good yields. Several heterocycle-substituted alkynes can also deliver the desired products 21 and 22 in 52% and 43% yields. The extension of the alkynes to unsymmetrical ones also proved to be successful, affording the products 23, 27, and 28 in moderate yields with excellent regioselectivities. The reaction efficiency is sensitive to the length of alkyl chains in the unsymmetrical alkynes (24–26). The regioselectivity of product 25 had been determined by NOESY analysis (see the ESI† for details). However, no product was detected when phenylacetylene, dialkyl alkyne or substituted 1,3-enyne was used.

Scheme 3 Substrate scope of alkynes^a. ^a Reaction conditions: 1a (0.20 mmol), alkyne (0.26 mmol), [RhCp*Cl₂]₂ (5 mol%), CsOPiv (0.10 mmol, 0.5 equiv.), AgOAc (0.46 mmol, 2.3 equiv.), and t-AmOH (2 mL), at 120 °C under air for 12 h, and isolated yield.

Next, the carboannulation reactions of 2a with different olefin-tethered arenes were carried out (Scheme 4). It was found that pyridine rings bearing 5-Me and 5-OMe groups reacted smoothly to deliver the corresponding products (29 and 30) in good yields (72% and 68%). However, the introduction of halogen or CF₃ substituents into the 5-position of the pyridine ring met with difficulty under the original conditions. To our delight, the coupling reaction proceeded with moderate yields by using DCE as the solvent instead of t-AmOH (31–33). Substrates with Me and OMe attached on the 4-position of the pyridine ring did not significantly affect the reaction efficiency (34 and 35). The 4-fluoro or 4-chloro substituted pyridine ring exhibited poor efficiency with 36% and 39% yield (36 and 37), respectively. By replacing the olefin unit from the methyl group, the desired products (38–40) could also be obtained in good yields. Furthermore, when 1-substituted isoquinoline-directed arene 1n was checked, inseparable diastereoisomers 41 were achieved in a 1.1 : 1 ratio with 49% yield. Employing the 3-substituted isoquinoline as the directing group led to the formation of product 42 (49% yield). In addition to forming benzo-dihydrobenzofurans, other intriguing benzo-heterocycles were all accessed by altering the tethering group attached to the alkene (43 and 44, 67% and 51%, respectively). However, the terminal alkene and C-tethered alkene substituted substrates exhibited poor efficiency with 21% and 19% yield (45 and 46). When arenes with nitrogen atoms were used as a linker or 1,2-disubstituted alkene, no desired annulation products were detected (see the ESI†).

Scheme 4 Substrate scope of arenes^a. ^a Reaction conditions: arene (0.20 mmol), 2a (0.26 mmol), [RhCp*Cl₂]₂ (5 mol%), CsOPiv (0.10 mmol, 0.5 equiv.), AgOAc (0.46 mmol, 2.3 equiv.), and t-AmOH (2 mL), at 120 °C under air for 12 h, and isolated yield. ^b DCE (2 mL) was used.

To further highlight the generality of our tandem reactions, a detailed study on the reactivity of various directing groups was conducted, which showed wide compatibility of coordinating functionality (Scheme 5). For example, using pyridyloxyl as the auxiliary group, the C–H activation/intramolecular remote difunctionalization of arenes delivered the desired coupling product 47 in 76% yield. In addition, the directing group has been successfully extended to pyrazole, 7-azaindole, oxindole, benzooxazole, benzothiazole and amide group (48–53 and 32–85% yield). In the case of couplings using a sterically bulky heteroaryl directing group, the reaction created an additional chiral axis but with poor diastereoselectivity (49 and 50). Subsequently, by using Cramer's second generation chiral (R)-Rh catalyst,^2i,19 a preliminary investigation of the enantioselective version of the annulation of arene 1t with alkyne 2a was conducted (see the ESI† for details). The desired product 47 was obtained with 20% yield and 34% ee. These preliminary results provided possibilities for further studies on asymmetric tandem reactions.

Scheme 5 Substrate scope of directing groups^a. ^a Reaction conditions: arene (0.20 mmol), 2a (0.24 mmol), [RhCp*Cl₂]₂ (5 mol%), AgSbF₆ (20 mol%), PivOH (1.0 eq.), AgOAc (2.3 eq.), 120 °C, air, 24 h, and isolated yield. ^b TFE (2.0 mL) was used and 100 °C. ^c (R)-Rh (2.5 mol%), AgSbF₆ (10 mol%), PivOH (2.0 eq.) and MeOH (2.0 mL) were used, 80 °C, and 48 h. ^d NaOAc (1.0 eq.) and 1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL) were used and 80 °C. ^e MeOH (2.0 mL) was used. ^f AgF (2.3 eq.) and THF (2.0 mL) were used. ^g NaOAc (1.0 eq.) and THF (2.0 mL) were used. ^ht-AmOH (2.0 mL) was used.

Dioxazolones have been successfully employed as amidating reagents or directing groups in C–H activation.^9,20 We envisaged an iterative C–H functionalization strategy, where the installed amide group from dioxazolone serves as the next coordinating group (relay directing group) for the subsequent C–H functionalization event. We found that the C–H amidation/intramolecular cyclization proceeded smoothly to afford the expected product 54 by treating 1a with 3-phenyl-1,4,2-dioxazol-5-one (2zb) in HFIP in the presence of [Cp*RhCl₂]₂, AgSbF₆ and PivOH at 110 °C (see Table S9 in the ESI† for more details). Next, we explored the substrate scope and limitation of this iterative C–H functionalization (Scheme 6). The dioxazolones bearing 4-Me, 4-OMe, 4-t-Bu, 4-F, 4-Cl and 4-CF₃ groups on the phenyl ring all reacted smoothly to deliver the carboannulation products (55–60) in 40–66% yields. When naphtho- and furo-substituted dioxazolones were employed, the corresponding products 61 and 62 were obtained with 44% and 40% yields, respectively. In contrast, Me or t-Bu substituted dioxazolone failed to undergo the carboannulation coupling.

Scheme 6 Substrate scope of unsaturated reagents. Reaction conditions: ^a1a (0.20 mmol), 2 (0.26 mmol), [RhCp*Cl₂]₂ (5 mol%), AgSbF₆ (20 mol%), PivOH (0.40 mmol, 2.0 equiv.), and HFIP (2 mL), at 110 °C under air for 36 h, and isolated yield. ^b1a (0.20 mmol), 2 (0.24 mmol), [RhCp*Cl₂]₂ (5 mol%), AgSbF₆ (20 mol%), AgOAc (0.20 mmol, 1.0 equiv.), and DCM (2 mL), at 75 °C under N₂ for 24 h, and isolated yield.

To better define the scope of the relay directing group, isocyanates²¹ were explored as the coupling reagent that is expected to generate an intrinsic amide directing group (Scheme 6). The coupling of 1a with isocyanatobenzene bearing a para-Me group under modified conditions afforded product 63 in 56% yield (see Table S10 in the ESI†). The scope of the isocyanates was also briefly examined, and 4-OMe, 4-F, 4-Cl and 4-CF₃ groups on the phenyl ring were all compatible, delivering the carboannulation products (64–67) in 43–59% yields. However, no product was detected when N-Et or -Ts substituted isocyanate was used, suggesting the influence of the electronic effect of the isocyanate reagent.

To explore the practicability of this tandem reaction (Scheme 7), a gram-scale reaction was performed under a reduced catalyst loading (2.5 mol%), affording the product 3 in 79% yield. To show the synthetic utility of the present protocol, the synthetic transformations of compound 3 were conducted. Rh(III)-catalyzed coupling of 3 with a variety of unsaturated coupling partners afforded various C–H functionalization products in 56–71% yields (68–71) with the assistance of the initial directing group. The rhodium-catalyzed oxidative C–H annulation reaction of 3 with 2a gave the expected quaternary ammonium salt 72 in 97% yield, which may find wild application as numerous biologically active compounds or functional molecules.²²

Scheme 7 Synthetic transformations of compounds 3. Reaction conditions: (1) 3, 1-(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (TIPS-EBX), [RhCp*Cl₂]₂, AgSbF₆, MeOH, 60 °C, and 24 h. (2) 3, 3-phenyl-1,4,2-dioxazol-5-one (2zb), [RhCp*Cl₂]₂, AgSbF₆, DCE, 80 °C, and 24 h. (3) 3, 3-diazopentane-2,4-dione, [RhCp*Cl₂]₂, AgSbF₆, KOAc, DCE, 80 °C, N₂, and 24 h. (4) 3, 1-isocyanato-4-methylbenzene, [RhCp*Cl₂]₂, AgSbF₆, DCM, 80 °C, N₂, and 12 h. (5) 3, 1,2-diphenylethyne, [RhCp*Cl₂]₂, AgSbF₆, AgOTf, AgOAc, MeOH, 120 °C, N₂, and 24 h.

To elucidate the mechanism of the tandem reaction, we carried out a set of control experiments (Scheme 8). H-D exchange studies of 1a were conducted using t-AmOD as the medium in the absence of 2a, where 1a-d₂ was recovered in 96% yield. ¹H NMR analysis indicated slight deuteration (20% D) at the ortho-positions of the 2-phenyl unit. In addition, another H/D exchange experiment in the presence of 2a was also carried out. The product 3 was detected to be less than 5% deuteration, suggesting the reversibility of C–H activation of substrate 1a. A five-membered rhodacyclic species A (CCDC 2158590†) was prepared from 1a and [Cp*RhCl₂]₂. By using rhodacyclic complex A as a catalyst, the coupling of 1a with 2a gave the desired product in 77% yield. The stoichiometric reaction of complex A with 2a also proceeded smoothly under oxidative or oxidant-free conditions. Finally, the treatment of alkenylation product 73 (see the ESI† for more details) under standard conditions did not afford the corresponding product 48, indicating that alkenylation product 73 was not a reaction intermediate in the tandem reaction system. Thus, the alkyne-insertion-derived rhodium alkenyl intermediate is suggested as a plausible intermediate.

Scheme 8 Preliminary mechanistic studies.

On the basis of our above studies and previously related reports,^7,10,18 a plausible mechanism is proposed to account for the present catalytic tandem reaction (Scheme 9). The reaction catalytic cycle starts from coordination of the directing group of 1a to the Rh(III) catalyst species. The ortho-C–H bond activation would generate a five-membered rhodacyclic species A, which then reacts with alkyne 2a to give a seven-membered intermediate Bvia alkyne insertion. Intermediate B would produce intermediate Cvia dissociation of the N–Rh bond. Subsequent rollover C–H activation affords intermediate Dvia meta-C–H bond activation. Then, the insertion of an alkene and subsequent C–C reductive elimination would afford the corresponding product 3 and a Rh(I) species. Finally, the oxidation of the Rh(I) species by the stoichiometric Ag(I) oxidant regenerates the active Rh(III) catalyst for the next catalytic cycle. In the case of coupling using dioxazolone or isocyanate, the 1^st C–H functionalization generates an amide species that functions as a relay directing group that enables subsequent olefin insertion–hydroarylation under redox-neutral conditions.

Scheme 9 Plausible mechanism.

Conclusions

In summary, we have developed an efficient and straightforward protocol for the synthesis of 2,3-benzofuran compounds with a quaternary carbon center under oxidative or redox-neutral conditions. The reaction proceeded via initial ortho-C–H activation assisted by a built-in directing group in the arene, and the ortho-incorporation of the unsaturated coupling partner simultaneously generated a relay directing group that triggers the 2^nd C–H activation at the meta-position followed by subsequent cyclization of the para-olefins. In addition, the diverse transformations of the products demonstrated the synthetic utility of this tandem reaction. Further development of the asymmetrical version of related tandem reactions of metal-catalyzed multiple C–H activation is underway in our laboratory.

Data availability

Further details of the experimental procedure, ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F NMR, HPLC spectra, and X-ray crystallographic data for 32 and A are available in the ESI.†

Author contributions

X. L. conceived the idea and guided the project. L. S. performed the experiments and analyzed the results. Y. Z. repeated data. X. L., J. C. and B. L. supervised the project. X. L., L. S. and B. L. co-wrote the manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the financial support for this work from the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFC0864600), the NSFC (No. 21801066, U1804283 and 82130103), and the Central Plains Scholars and Scientists Studio Fund (2018002).

Notes and references

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Footnote

† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental procedures and characterization data of all compounds. CCDC 2143654 (32) and 2158590 (A). For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see https://doi.org/10.1039/d2sc02205b

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