Catalytic layer-membrane electrode assembly methods for optimum triple phase boundaries and fuel cell performances

Abstract

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), designed mainly for mobility applications, converts chemical energy to electrical energy. The formation of electrodes for PEMFC is a delicate balance of transport media. The diffusion of gas, electrons, and protons, known as a triple phase boundary (TPB), plays a key role in the fuel cell operation and performance. Currently, in order to overcome the performance limitations in a practical PEMFC operation, R&D strategies have been focused on replacing Pt with non-noble based metal catalysts or by decreasing the overall Pt loading to below 0.1 mg_Pt cm⁻² by 2030 (DOE targets), as well as the optimization of the TPB structure. Furthermore, we present here a critical overview from different deposition techniques used in the fabrication of MEA and the effects on the TPB formation. In particular, we have discussed print-light synthesis as a new emerging technology for the catalyst deposition and nanostructure formation onto a broad range of supports.