Enhancing the static green up-conversion luminescence of NaY(MoO4)2:Yb/Er microcrystals via an annealing strategy for anti-counterfeiting applications

Abstract

The majority of the fabrication procedures of lanthanide-doped materials involve thermal treatment that often results in crystallite regrowth, stabilizing the specific crystal structure and resulting in luminescence enhancement. The efficiency and intensity of up-conversion luminescence are closely related to the structure and synthesis process of the materials. Herein, well-crystallized and pure tetragonal NaY(MoO₄)₂ microcrystals with a uniform octahedral shape have been successfully synthesized via an environmentally friendly hydrothermal method, followed by annealing treatment. The phases, structures, morphologies, and compositions of the synthesized products annealed at 500–1000 °C remain unchanged, indicating high thermal stability. Furthermore, the NaY(MoO₄)₂:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ microcrystals exhibit strong green emission when irradiated using infrared (980 nm) or ultraviolet (378 nm) wavelengths. Upon 980 nm excitation, up to 37-fold luminescence enhancement is achieved when the samples are annealed at about 700 °C. Interestingly, the high colour purity of the strong green emission is not only independent of the dopant concentration and heat treatment temperature, but it is also independent of the excitation conditions, including power and wavelength, and this makes it particularly suitable as a green safety signal light and luminescent security ink in paintings. As-prepared safety inks with NaY(MoO₄)₂:Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ microcrystals were used for visual fingerprint recognition printed on A4 paper with three-level fingerprint security features, significantly increasing the difficulty of illegal imitation and enhancing the levels of anti-counterfeiting.